Territorial gains:

• Transfer of former German colonies to Great Britain and France under the system of League of Nations mandates

• Manchukuo/Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Anti-imperial resistance:

• Indian National Congress

• West African resistance (strikes/congresses) to French rule

Western democracies mobilizing for war:

• Great Britain under Winston Churchill

• United States under Franklin Roosevelt

Totalitarian state mobilizing for war:

• Germany under Adolf Hitler

• USSR under Joseph Stalin

Nationalist leaders and parties:

• Indian National Congress

• Ho Chi Minh in French Indochina (Vietnam)

• Kwame Nkrumah in British Gold Coast (Ghana)

• Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt

Negotiated independence:

• India from the British Empire

• The Gold Coast from the Empire

• French West Africa

Independence through armed struggle:

• Algeria from the French empire

• Angola from the Portuguese empire

• Vietnam from the French empire

Regional, religious, and ethnic movements:

• Muslim League in British India

• Quebecois separatist movement in Canada

• Biafra secessionist in Nigeria

States created by redrawing of political boundaries:

• Israel

• Cambodia

• Pakistan

Responses that intensified conflict:

• Chile under Augusto Pinochet

• Spain under Francisco Franco

• Uganda under Idi Amin

• The buildup of the military-industrial complex and weapons trading

Government intervention in the economy:

• The New Deal

• The fascist corporatist economy

• Governments with strong popular support in Brazil and Mexico

Governments guiding economic life:

• Gamal Abdel Nasser’s promotion of economic development in Egypt

• Indira Gandhi's economic policies in India

• Julius Nyerere’s modernization in Tanzania

• Sirimavo Bandaranaike’s economic policies in Sri Lanka

Land and resource redistribution:

• Communist Revolution for Vietnamese independence

• Mengistu Haile Mariam in Ethiopia

• Land reform in Kerala and other states within India

• White Revolution in Iran

Economic movements:

• World Fair Trade Organization

Governments’ increased encouragement of free-market policies:

• The United States under Ronald Reagan

• Britain under Margaret Thatcher

• China under Deng Xiaoping

• Chile under Augusto Pinochet

Knowledge economies:

• Finland

• Japan

• U.S.

Asian production and manufacturing economies:

• Vietnam

• Bangladesh

Latin American production and manufacturing economies:

• Mexico

• Honduras

Economic institutions and regional trade agreements:

• World Trade Organization (WTO)

• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

• Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Multinational corporations:

• Nestle

• Nissan

• Mahindra and Mahindra

Genocide, ethnic violence, or attempted destruction of specific populations:

• Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during and after World War I

• Cambodia during the late 1970s

• Tutsi in Rwanda in the 1990s

• Ukraine in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s

Non-Aligned Movement:

• Sukarno in Indonesia

• Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana

Proxy wars:

• Korean War

• Angolan Civil War

• Sandinista-Contras conflict in Nicaragua

Migrations:

• South Asians to Britain

• Algerians to France

• Filipinos to the United States

Movements that used violence:

• Shining Path

• Al-Qaeda

Challenges to assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion:

• The U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, especially as it sought to protect the rights of children, women, and refugees

• Global feminism movements

• Negritude movement

• Liberation theology in Latin America

Increased access to educational and political and professional roles:

• The right to vote and/or to hold public office granted to women in the United States (1920), Brazil (1932), Turkey (1934), Japan (1945), India (1947), and Morocco (1963)

• The rising rate of female literacy and the increasing numbers of women in higher education, in most parts of the world

• The U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1965

• The end of apartheid

• Caste reservation in India

Responses to economic globalization:

• Anti-IMF and anti-World Bank activism

• Advent of locally developed social media (Weibo in China)

Global culture:

• Music: Reggae

• Movies: Bollywood

• Social media: Facebook, Twitter

• Television: BBC

• Sports: World Cup soccer, the Olympics

Global consumerism:

• Online commerce: Alibaba, eBay

• Global brands: Toyota, Coca-Cola